နိဒါန္း

ed'gef;

&ckdifjynfonf BC 6000cef@rS tpðyI &ckdifjynfY &ckdifvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;onf pka0;jyD; pwifaexdkifvmcJh=ua=umif; ordkif;okawoDynm&Sifrsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;t&od&Sd&ygonf? &ckdifpmqdk t'lrif;!dk. &ckdifrif;orD;{csif;Yvnf; txift&Sm;awG@&ygonf? BC 3000 axmifcef@odk@a&mufvmaomtcg &ckdifhvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;onf EkdifiHa&;t&/ vlrSKa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ ,Ofaus;rSKt&ESifh tkyfcsKyf a&;t& tzufzufrStqifhjrifhpGm wdk;wufvmcJhjyDjzpfa=umif;awG@&.? &ckdifjynfwGif òrd@jyEdkifiH(City State) bk&iftkyfcsKyfr_udk pepfwuspwifcJhaomtcsdefrSpI acwftvdkuf tqifhqifhydkif;jcm;jyD; tkyfcsKyfcJh onfudkvnf; atmufygtwdkif;awG@&onf? 4if;wkd@rSm

1? yxr "n0wDacwf BC 3325 rif;quf (57)quf

2? 'kwd, "n0wDacwf BC 1507 rif;quf (28)quf

3? wwd, "n0wDacwf BC 580 rif;quf (25)quf

4? a0omvDacwf AD 327 rif;quf (22)quf

5? av;òrd@acwf AD 818 rif;quf (15)quf

6? yk&defacwf AD 1103 rif;quf (28)quf

7? avmif;=uufacwf AD 1259 rif;quf (18)quf

8?ajrmufOD;acwf AD 1430 rS 1784-xdrif;quf(49)qufponfjzifh rif;qufaygif; (242)quf/ eef;pHESpfaygif; 5000-ausmftxdwnf&SdcJhaumif;/ orkdif;rSwf wrf;rsm;wGif oufaotaxmuf txm;rsm;pGmESifhtwl txift&Sm;avh vmawG@ &Sd& ayonf? &ckdifjynf(&ckdihfbk&ifhEkdifiHawmf)onf yxr "n0wDacwf(BC 3325)rSajrmuf OD;acwf(AD 1784)txd wnf&SdcJh.?

          &ckdifhEkdifiHawmf[kqkd&mwGif ,ckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHajrykHY jrifawG@ae =u& onfh ao;ao;oG,foG,f &ckdifjynfe,fajrykHuav;[k rxifrSwfap,lvkdyg? a&S@acwf &ckdifpmqkd&Sifrsm; pyfqkdcJh=u&mwGif "n0wD&ckdifhEkdifiHawmfonf *p>ye'Djrpf. vuf0Jukd; q,fhukd;ðrd@ vuf,mukd;q,fhukd;ðrd@jzifh wnfaxmifxm;aom EkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiH jzpfyg onf? ,ckacwf&ckdifjynfe,fwGif ðrd@e,fwpfq,fhckepfðrd@e,fom usef&Sdavawmhonf?

          a&S@acwfðrd@wpf&m&Spfq,fh&Spfðrd@jzifh wnfaxmifcJhaom "n0wDEkdifiH awmf. {&d,mt us,ft0ef;rSmvnf; ta&S@bufwGif{&m0wDjrpf/ taemufjcrf; taemufbufwGif b*Fgwpfq,hfESpfðrd@/ awmifbufwGif[kdif;}uD;u|ef;/ armfwifpGef;ESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf/ ajrmufbufwGifx&dyl&/ tmoHe,f wkd@jzpf=uygonf? xkdae&m xkda'orsm;onf xkdtcsdefu&ckdifhbk&ifhEkdifiHawmf {&d,me,fedrdwfrsm;jzpf=uonf qkdaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm ,ae@xufwkdifawG@jrifEkdif=uygayonf? {&m0 wDtaemufbufjcrf;onf &ckdifhykdifeufe,fajrjzpfonfqkdonfh orkdif;taxmuftxm; rsm;ukd oufaojy& v#ifaumZmouU&mZf 1146- ckESpfwGif Armbk&ifbkd;awmfOD;0kdif; &ckdifjynfukdodrf;ykdufpOftcgu tdrfa&S@Oy&mZmonf &ckdifjynfrS r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}uD; ESifhwuG rkedav;qlukd awmifukwfawmif=um;vrf;rS wqifhyifhaqmifo,f,lvm&m {&m0wDtaemufbuf jrpfurf;eab;rS yef;awmif;ðrd@okd@ ta&mufwGif xkda'o&Sd &cdkif vlrsdK;rsm;rS rkedwpfqltm; &cdkifjynfY ukd;uG,fcGifhðyay;oem;cJhyg&ef av#mufxm; awmif;yef=uojzifh tdrfa&S@Oy&mZmrif;onf &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;ukd;uG,f&eftwGuf xkdae &mYyif a&$bkHomrkedbk&m; tm;xm;&pfcJhygonf? ,ae@xufwkdifatmif xkdae&ma'o teD;w0dkufwGif a&S;&ckdifbk&ifrsm; wnfxm;ukd;uG,္ apwDykxkd;rsm;rSmvnf; oufao tjzpfwnf&Sdaeygao;onf?

          &cdkifjynf. taemufbufESifh ajrmufbufa'owkd@onf tdENd,EkdifiH e,fedrdwfESifhxd pyfaeygonf/ AD 325 yxr"n0wDEkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufcJhpOf tcguwnf;u b*Fgwpfq,fhESpfðrd@ESifh x&dyl&/ tmoHe,fajrrsm;rSm &cdkifhykdifeuf e,fajrrsm;jzpf=uygonf?( AD 327) &cdkifha0omvD acwfaESmif;ykdif;umvwGif ta&S@ tv,fykdif;a'orS r*kdbk&ifonf tpPvmrfbmoma&; e,fy,fcsJ@xGifEkdifa&;twGuf tD&pf/wl&uD/tmzuefvlrsdK; bmoma&;ppfonfrsm;ukd OD;aqmifI tdENd,EkdifiH tm;odrf;ykdufEkdifcJh=uygonf? r*kdbk&ifonf tdENd,EkdifiHukdodrf;,l+jyD;aemuf Ak'AD (16)&mpktv,fykdif;okd@a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg &cdkifwkd@onf ajrmufOD; acwf(oHwGJpm;) rif;bmbk&ifvufxufwGif rdrdwkd@qkH;&SKH;cJh&aom &ckdifhykdifeuf {&d,m e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jyefvnf&,l&ef tiftm;}uD;rm;aomppfwyfukdzGJv#uf r*kdbk&ifrsm; tqufquf tkyfcsKyfae=uaom tdENd,EkdifiHtm; ppfyGJqifEGJ@csD wufodrf; ykdufcJh&mwGif a'vDyqmðrd@awmftm; odrf;ykdufjyD;aomtcg r*kdbk&ifonf orD;awmf yJoDwm (ac:)yef;qDwm; rif;orD;tm; rdzk&m;taqmifta,mifrsm;ESifh rif;bmbk&iftm; quf ojyD;ppfudkajyjidrf; cJhavonf? rif;bmbk&ifonf tdENd,EkdifiHAk'<*g,m&Sd tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm;rS ðzdzsufxm;aom Ak'

          ta&S@awmifbuf [kdif;}uD;u|ef;ESifh armfwifpGef;wkd@onfvnf; &ckdifh {&d,m e,fedrdwfrsm;jzpf=uonfukd oufaorsm;jzifhjy&ygv#if [Hom0wDEkdifiHawmftm; ay:wl*DvlrsdK; iZifum(ac:) 'DAa&wkd odrf;ykdufxm;pOftcgu &ckdifbk&ifrif; &mZm}uD; onf &cdkifa&wyfrawmftm; ppfol}uD;OuUmysHESifh trwf}uD;r[mynmausmfwkd@tm; OD;aqmifapjyD; [Hom0wDukd wkdufckduf&efapvGwfcJh&m xkdppfyGJwGif iZifumESifhwuG ay:wl*Dwkd@ukdppfatmifEkdifjyD; atmifyGJcHItjyefwGif r[mynmausmfonf aejynfawmf t0ifY iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh  bk&ifrif;&mZm}uD;onf wkdif;jynf. ynm&Sd}uD;wpfqljzpfaom r[mynmausmf.tavmif;tm; armfwifpGef;wGif rD;o+*FDKvf +yD;aESmif;vlrsm;od&SdEkdif&ef ol.t&kd; tm;Xyemxm;I apwDwpfqlwnf xm;cJhum r[mynmausmf.jzwfxkH;ausmufpm wkdifukdvnf;trSwf w&tjzpf xkdae&mYpkdufxl xm;cJhonfukd ,ae@xufwkdif jrifawG@Ekdifygao;onf?

          yxr"n0wD&cdkifjynfpwifcJhonfh rm&,krif;tp 'kwd,ajrmufOD; acwf rif;paetxd rif;tqufqufwkd@rSm om*D0ifrif;rsdK;rsm;jzpf=ujyD; &ckdifjynfukd oufOD;qHykdifpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaomfvnf; wwd,"n0wDacwf “iukov” rif;rS tp aemufqkH; “r[morRw”rif;txd rif;rsm;rSm trwfrsdK;EG,frSqif;oufvm+yD; ygvDrefpepfjzifh rif;ajrSmufum &ckdifjynfukd tkyfcsKyfvmcJh=uavonf? xkdtcsdef umv rsm;wGif om*D0ifrif;rsdK;EG,frsm;ESifh ygvDreftrwfrsm;wkd@t=um; yÉdyuQjzpfum wkdif; oljynfom; rsm;vnf; rnD!Gwfjzpfaeonfhtcsdef 1784=ckESpfwGif Armya'o&mZf (Armbk&if) bkd;awmfOD;0kdif;onf ppfa-ujimjcif;vHk;0rðyvkyfbJ/ &ckdifjynf (&ckdihfbk&ifh EkdifiHawmf)ukd usL;ausmf0if a&mufodrf;ykdufcJhrSKa=umifh &ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@. tcsKyftcsm tm%monf vufvGwfqkH;&SH;cJh&jyD; Armhukd vkdeD(u|efb0) tjzpfokd@ usa&mufcJh&onf?

                   ArmhukdvkdeD(u|efb0)tjzpfokd@ usa&mufaecsdefwGifvnf; Adkvfcsif;ysH/ a';0ef;}uD;atmif ausmf&$D/ ðrd@ol}uD;atmifausmfZHpaom &ckdifhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ArmhukdvkdeDu|eftjzpfrS vGwfajrmuf a&;twGuf ckcHawmfvSefppfukdqifEGJ@cJh=uonf? jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufjyD;tkyfcsKyfaom tcsdefwGifvnf; tquf qufaom &ckdifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@rsm;ukd &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H awmf vSefwkdufyGJ 0ifcJh=uonf?