Saturday, April 18, 2020

ရခုုိုင္ျပည္လြြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးပါတီ ALP ဖြဲ႕စည္းျခင္း

&ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD ALP zGJ@pnf;jcif;

          AkdvfcsKyfae0if;. tvkduswkdif;jynfukd vufeufjzifhjcdrf;ajcmufum zdESdyftkyf csKyfae=uaom ppftkyfpktm;awmfvSefI &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tpueOD; ñud;yrf;=u &mwGif &efukefðrd@Y tajccsaexkdifaom &ckdifjynfe,f &aohawmifðrd@e,frS ckdifpkd;Ekdifonf a&S@qkH;rSyg0ifcJhygonf? ckdifpkd;Ekdif rSm&efukefEkdifiHa&;avmuY xif&Sm;ol wpfOD;jzpf+yD; emrnf}uD;ArmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm; ESifhvnf; tvGefcifrif &if;ESD;ol wpfOD;vnf;jzpfygonf? ol.pnf;&kH;r_a=umifh &efukefðrd@awmf twGif;aexkdif v#uf&Sd=uaom ausmif;olausmif;om; &ckdifrsdK;cspfvli,frsm;/ &[ef;ysdKrsm;/ puf&kHt vkyf&kHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm; txl;ojzifh tkwfusif;*kHeDpuf&kHrS tvkyform;rsm;ukd tajccHjyD; 1967-ckESpf{jyDv (9)&ufae@wGif &efukefðrd@ vSdKifðrd@e,f&Sdtaemuftkwfusif; trSwf(15) ody`rO…L bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif; (&ckdifbkef;}uD;ausmif;)wGif v#dK@0SufpGm tpnf;ta0; wpf&yfðyvkyfjyD; &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD  ALP   ukdatmifjrifpGm zGJ@pnf;EkdifcJh =uygonf? ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf?

 (1)     ckdifjynfodrf; OuUX (ausmufawmfðrd@e,f)
 (2)     ckdifpkd;Ekdif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (&aohawmifðrd@e,f)
(3)      ckdifrkd;vif; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh ppfa&;wm0efcH (&aohawmifðrd@e,f)
(4)      ckdifbausmf A[kdaumfrwD0if/ (&aohawmifðrd@e,f)
(5)      ckdif&Jckdif A[kdaumfrwD0if (ykÀm;u|ef;ðrd@e,f)
(6)      ckdifpkd;Ekdifatmif A[kdaumfrwD0if (&aohawmifðrd@e,f)
(7)      ckdifatmifrif;ckdif -A[kdaumfrwD0if (armifawmðrd@e,f)
(8)      ckdifausmfxGef; -A[kdaumfrwD0if (&aohawmifðrd@e,f)
(9)      ckdifausmfckdif -A[kdaumfrwD0if (rif;jym;ðrd@e,f)
(10)    ckdifomxGef; -t&HA[kdaumfrwD0if (&aohawmifðrd@e,f)
(11)    ckdifpHa&$armif -t&HA[kdaumfrwD0if(&aohawmifðrd@e,f)wkd@jzpfonf?

          (ALP)udkzGJ@pnf; +yD;tcsdefwGif vkyfief;taumiftxnfaz:&ef b¾maiGt cuftcJESifh }uKHawG@&onf? ta&;}uD;udpPjzifh bdwf/xm;0,f odk@oGm;&ef cdkif&Jckdif(vuf&Sd OuUX). tdrfudkaygifESHjyD; c&D;p&dwftjzpf toHk;ðycJh=u&onf?
                             &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD(ALP)ukdzGJ@pnf;cJhonfhtcsdefrS,cktcsdeftxd (ALP). =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufcJhrSKordkif;ukd (3)ykdif;cGJjyD; az:jy&efvkdtyfrnfjzpfayonf? 4if;wkd@rSm 1967-ck/ {jyDv(9) &ufae@rS 1974ckESpftxd (ALP). yxr t}udrf=udK; yrf;rSK/ 1974-ckESpfrS 1981-ckESpf txd(ALP). 'kwd, t}udrfñud;yrf;rSK/ 1981-ckESpfrS ,ckvuf&Sd tcsdefuvtxd (ALP). wwd,t}udrf ñud;yrf;rSKponfjzifh (ALP). ñud;yrf;aqmif &GufcJh rSKonf (3)}udrf wdkifwdkif&SdjyDjzpfonf?
          (ALP).yxrt}udrfñud;yrf;rSK umvwnf;uyif acgif;aqmif tjzpf yg0ifcJhaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;wGif OuUX ckdifrkd;vif;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; ckdifbausmfwkd@onf  wkdif;jynfwm0efukd ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifcJh=u&if; rkdif(2000) c&D;&Snf ppfa=umif; wpfckjzpfaom rdk;vif;&mZmppfa=umif; csDwufaepOf 1977-ck/ rwfv/ {jyDv/ arv ESifh ZGefvwkdufyGJrsm;wGif csif;jynfe,fwpfae&mY rdrdwdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;twGuf touf udky"merxm;bJ &cdkifhtmZmenfol&J aumif;yDopGm ay;qyfoGm;cJh=uonf? tcsdK@tcsdK@ aomacgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; usef;rma&;tajctaea=umifh tem;,l&if; uG,fvGef oGm;=ujyDjzpfonf? ckdifatmifrif;ckdif(ac:) atmifomausmf ('kwd,t}udrfñud; yrf;rSKwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wm0ef,l cJhonf)rSm usef;rma&;a=umifh ygwDrS tem;,lum ,ckTpmudka&;aeonfhtcsdeftxd toufxif&Sm;&Sd aeao;a=umif;od&onf? ckdif&J ckdifESifh ckdifpkd;Ekdifatmifwkd@onf ygwDwGifwm0ef xrf;aqmifae=uqJjzpfonf? (ALP) .yxrqkH; OuUX cdkifjynfodrf;rSm (KIO)e,fajrY ,cktcgwGifvl}uD;a&m*gjzifh uG,f vGefoGm;jyDjzpfa=umif; od&ygonf?

ျမန္မာျပည္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာျခင္း(သုိ႔)ဗမာကုိလုိနီအျဖစ္ က် ေရာက္ျခင္း

jrefrmjynf jzpfay:vmjcif; (okd@) ArmukdvkdeDtjzpf usa&mufjcif;

at'D(11)&mpkrwkdifcifu ,ckjrefrmjynf[kac:aom Twkdif;jynfwGif Arm/ &ckdif/ rGef/ &Srf;/u&ifeD/u&if/ucsif/ csif;/ ytkdif;/ yavmif/ 0ESifhvm;[lpaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf oD;jcm; wkdif;jynfEkdifiH/ e,fajra'o xlaxmifjyD;/vGwf vyfpGmaexkdifcJh=uonf? qkdvkdonfrSm txufYaz:jyxm;aomtqkdygvlrsdK;rsm;wGif tcsdK@vlrsdK;rsm;onf ya'o&mZfpepf xGef;um;cJhonf// odk@aomf tcsdK@vlrsdK; rsm;onf ya'o&mZfpepf xGef;um;r_r&SdcJhay? okd@&mwGif oD;jcm;pDvGwfvyfpGm aexkdifcJh=uonf ukd orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& txift&Sm;avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? 
                   at'D(11)&mpkavmufwGif Armya'o&mZfrsm; wefckd;}uD;xGm;vmp ðyvmonfhtcsdef jzpfaeonf? 4if;tcsdefwGif Armbk&iftaemf&xmonf tcsdK@vlrsdK;rsm; ykdifqkdifonfh teD;tem;wGif&Sdaom wkdif;jynfEkdifiH/ e,fajra'otcsdK@ukd usL;ausmf0if a&mufodrf;ykdufjyD; yk*Htifyg,mukdpwifxl axmifcJhonf? yk*Htifyg,mukd xlaxmifjcif; onf yxrjreffrmEkdifiHukd xlaxmifjcif;jzpfonf? xdktifyg,m okd@r[kwf yxrjrefrm EkdifiHawmfukd xlaxmif&efñud;yrf;rSKonf at'D(13)&mpkwGif ðyduGJysufpD;oGm;cJhonf?
                   jyD;aemufwzef at'D (15) &mpkcef@wGif Armbk&ifbk&ifhaemifonf ol.xD;òydif/eef;òydif wkdif;jynfwpfcsdK@ukd usL;ausmfwkdufcdkufodrf;ykduff+yD; awmifiltifyg,m ukdxlaxmifcJhjyefonf? 4if;awmifiltifyg,mukd xlaxmifjcif;onf 'kwd,jrefrmEkdifiH awmfukd xlaxmifjcif;jzpfonf? awmifiltifyg,m okd@r[kwf 'kwd,jrefrmEkdifiHawmfukd xlaxmif&efñud;yrf;rSkKonf bk&ifhaemifuG,fvGefjyD;aemuf r=umrSDrSmyif ðyduGJysufpD; oGm;cJhjyefonf?
                   Todk@wzefat'D (17) &mpk0ef;usifwGif Armbk&iftavmif;bk&m; onf tjcm;vlrsdK; rsm;ykdifqkdifonfh wkdif;jynfEkdifiHtcsdK@ukd usL;ausmfwkdufckduf odrf; ykduf+yD;v#if ukef;abmiftifyg,mukd vnf;xlaxmifcJhonf? Tukef;abmif tifyg,m ukdxlaxmifjcif;onf wwd,jrefrmEkdifiHawmfukdxl axmifjcif;jzpfayonf? 4if;ukef; abmiftifyg,m okd@r[kwf wwd,jrefrmEkdifiHawmfukd xlaxmif&efñud; yrf;rSKonf vnf; at'D 1885-ck/ t*Fvdyf-jreffrm wwd,ppfyGJwGif ðyduGJysufpD;cJh&jyefonf?
                   +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@rsm;onf 1885=ck/t*Fvdyf-jrefrm wwd,ppfyGJtjyD;wGif Arm/ &ckdif /rGef/ &Srf;/u&ifeD/u&if/ucsif/csif;/ytkdif;/yavmif/0ESifh vm;[lpaomvlrsdK;rsm; ykdifqkdifonfhwkdif;jynf EkdifiH/ e,fajra'orsm;ukd e,fajrwpfckwnf;tjzpf pkaygif;um tkyffcsKyfcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpjyD; jreffrmjynf[kjzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf? qdkvkdonfrSm jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@onf az:jyygvlrsdK;rsm;ykdifqkdifonfh wkdif;jynf/ EkdifiH/ e,fajr a'orsm;udk pkaygif;jyD;e,fajr wpfckwnf;tjzpf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? 4if;tcsdefupjyD; jrefrmjynf [kjzpfay:vm jcif;jzpfayonf?  wpfenf;tm;jzifh jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@ (1885 rS 1948 txd) tkyfcsKyfcsdefwGif jrefrmjynf[k ykdrkdxif&Sm;jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf?
                   *syefESifht*Fvdyfwkd@vufatmufrS jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;jynf olw&yfvkH;onf touf/ aoG;/ ac|;rsm;ukday;qyfI wkdufyGJ0ifcJh =uonf? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom Armtygt0if wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif rsm;onf wef;wltcGifhta&;ESifh zuf'&,fjynf axmifpkEkdifiHxlaxmif&ef tmrcHaom yifvkHpmcsKyfukd csKyfqkdcJh=uavonf? yifvkHpmcsKyfcsKyfqkdcJhpOfu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf “ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&jyD; wjcm;vlrsdK;awG&J@wkdif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;r&ao; bl;qkd&if 'grjynfhpkHEkdifbl;”[k yxrqkH;xkwfaz:ajymqkdcJhaom ArmvlrsdK;acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&; r&rSDtcsdefrSmyif vGwfvyfa&;ESifhyifvkHpmcsKyf acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef; vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif; cH&avonf? okd@aomfvnf; yifvkHpmcsKyfa=umif;yifv#if 1948-ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfwkd@xHrS jrefrmEkdifiHvGwf vyfa&;&&SdcJhygonf? vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd+yD; aemufwkdif;&if;om; aygif;pkHyg0if aomzqyvygwDonf zqyv tpkd;&zGJ@um wkdif;jynfukd q,fESpf=umtkyfcsKyf vmcJh=ujyD;aemuf yifvkHpmcsKyft& ukd,fh=urRmukd,f zefwD;Ekdifaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmftjzpf wnfaqmuf=u&ef wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;. awmif;qkdvmrSKukd rvkdufravsmvkd=uaom r[mArm0g'D acgif; aqmifrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;ukduvzefxkd;I vSnhfywf=u&mwGif zqyvygwDvnf; ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;&avawmhonf? ppfwyfukdñud;ukdifxm;aom AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tm; EkdifiHawmf. tm%mukdtyfESif;um tdyfapmifhtpkd;&tjzpf wm0efay;tyfvkduf=uayonf? xkdtcsdef rSpI u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@onf r[mArm0g'Drsm;. pwkwˆjrefrmEkdifiHxlaxmifaejcif;ukd ñudwifod&Sd=uojzifh yifvkHpmcsKyft& wkdif;&if;om;rsm;. wef;wltcGifhta&;ESifh zuf' &,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;ukd awmif;qkdIvufeufukdifum wkdufyGJ0ifcJh =uav onf? xkdtcsdefu AkdvfcsKyfae0if; .ppfwyfrsm;ESifh u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@. &ifqkdif wkdufyGJrSm tjyif;txefqkH;umvjzpf+yD; u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@onf &efukefðrd@&Sd orkdif;ESifh tif;pdefðrd@rsm;txdwkdifatmif odrf;ykdufEkdifcJh=uygonf? AkdvfcsKyfae0if;onf tdrfapmifh tpkd;&taejzifh zqyvESpfjcrf;uGJ oef@&Sif;ESifhwnfjrJESpfygwDtm; a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y ay;&mwGif OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom oef@&Sif;ygwDrS tEkdif&&Sdojzifh OD;Ekonftpkd;& zGJ@um 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh wkdif;jynf. tm%mukd wzefvGJajymif;&,lEkdifcJhaomfvnf; wkdif;&if; om;rsm;awmif;qkdcJhaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHxlaxmifa&;ukdum; ab;z,f xm;cJhavonf?
                   wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; yifvkHpmcsKyfukdvufukdifðyI rdrdwkd@&oifh&xkduf onfhtcGifhta&;ukd wpkdufrufrufawmif;qkdvm=u&mwGif wef;wl tcGifhta&;ESifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHtjzpf rwnfaqmufvkd=uaom OD;Ektpkd;& tzGJ@rS r[mArm acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; EkdifiHa&; vGefqGJyGJtajctaewif;rmvmcJhonf? xkdtajctaet&yf&yfukd avhvmapmifh =unhfae aomAkdvfcsKyfae0if;onf tcGifhta&;&onfhtckduf 1962- ckESpfwGif EkdifiHawmf tm%m ukdtyD;tykdifodrf;ykdufavawmhonf? xkdtcsdeftcgrSpI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;aygif;pkHwkd@rS toufaoG;ac|;rsm; ay;qyfI &,lcJhaom vGwfvyfa&;qkd onfrSmvnf; ppftm%m&Sifacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; .vufatmufokd@ usa&mufcJh=ujyD; jynfolw&yfvkH;.wef;wl tcGifhta&;ESifh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufEkdif&ef tmrcHcsufjzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG wkdif;&if; om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS csKyfqkdcJh=uaomvGwfvyfa&;wHcGef yifvkHpmcsKyfrSmvnf;  &efukef ðrd@awmfcef;rwae&mY omreforkdif;0ifpm&Gufr#om jzpfoGm;&avonf? wkdif;jynf tm%m[lor#ukd rlykdif&,l xm;aom tm%m&SifAkdvfcsKyfae0if;onf jynfolvlxkukd vufeufjzifh+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; Oya'rJhzdESdyftkyfcsKyfaeonfomru wkdif;&if;om; ta&;ukd ajymqkd&mYvnf;“vGwfvyfa&;ukd igwkd@ppfwyfu wkdufvdk@,l vmcJhw,f/ rif;wkd@vkdcsif &ifvnf; igwkd@qDuwkdufvkd@,lrS&r,f”qkd+yD; vlrkdufwpfOD;uJhokd@ a=uG;a=umfcJhavonf? wkdif;&if;om;wkd@rSvnf; rdrdwkd@&vkdonfhwef;wltcGifhta&;ESifh zuf'&,fjynf axmifpk wnfaqmufa&; ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;vnf; ukefqkH;oGm;=ujyD;jzpfI vufeufpGJukdif wkdufyGJ 0if&kHrSty tjcm;r&SdavjyDjzpf aoma=umifh xkdtcsdeftcgrSpI wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wyft oD;oD;zGJ@um awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJukd qifEJG@cJh=u&avonf?

နိဒါန္း

ed'gef;
&ckdifjynfonf BC 6000cef@rS tpðyI &ckdifjynfY &ckdifvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;onf pka0;jyD; pwifaexdkifvmcJh=ua=umif; ordkif;okawoDynm&Sifrsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;t&od&Sd&ygonf? &ckdifpmqdk t'lrif;!dk. &ckdifrif;orD;{csif;Yvnf; txift&Sm;awG@&ygonf? BC 3000 axmifcef@odk@a&mufvmaomtcg &ckdifhvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;onf EkdifiHa&;t&/ vlrSKa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ ,Ofaus;rSKt&ESifh tkyfcsKyf a&;t& tzufzufrStqifhjrifhpGm wdk;wufvmcJhjyDjzpfa=umif;awG@&.? &ckdifjynfwGif òrd@jyEdkifiH(City State) bk&iftkyfcsKyfr_udk pepfwuspwifcJhaomtcsdefrSpI acwftvdkuf tqifhqifhydkif;jcm;jyD; tkyfcsKyfcJh onfudkvnf; atmufygtwdkif;awG@&onf? 4if;wkd@rSm

1? yxr "n0wDacwf BC 3325 rif;quf (57)quf
2? 'kwd, "n0wDacwf BC 1507 rif;quf (28)quf
3? wwd, "n0wDacwf BC 580 rif;quf (25)quf
4? a0omvDacwf AD 327 rif;quf (22)quf
5? av;òrd@acwf AD 818 rif;quf (15)quf
6? yk&defacwf AD 1103 rif;quf (28)quf
7? avmif;=uufacwf AD 1259 rif;quf (18)quf
8?ajrmufOD;acwf AD 1430 rS 1784-xdrif;quf(49)qufponfjzifh rif;qufaygif; (242)quf/ eef;pHESpfaygif; 5000-ausmftxdwnf&SdcJhaumif;/ orkdif;rSwf wrf;rsm;wGif oufaotaxmuf txm;rsm;pGmESifhtwl txift&Sm;avh vmawG@ &Sd& ayonf? &ckdifjynf(&ckdihfbk&ifhEkdifiHawmf)onf yxr "n0wDacwf(BC 3325)rSajrmuf OD;acwf(AD 1784)txd wnf&SdcJh.?
          &ckdifhEkdifiHawmf[kqkd&mwGif ,ckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHajrykHY jrifawG@ae =u& onfh ao;ao;oG,foG,f &ckdifjynfe,fajrykHuav;[k rxifrSwfap,lvkdyg? a&S@acwf &ckdifpmqkd&Sifrsm; pyfqkdcJh=u&mwGif "n0wD&ckdifhEkdifiHawmfonf *p>ye'Djrpf. vuf0Jukd; q,fhukd;ðrd@ vuf,mukd;q,fhukd;ðrd@jzifh wnfaxmifxm;aom EkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiH jzpfyg onf? ,ckacwf&ckdifjynfe,fwGif ðrd@e,fwpfq,fhckepfðrd@e,fom usef&Sdavawmhonf?
          a&S@acwfðrd@wpf&m&Spfq,fh&Spfðrd@jzifh wnfaxmifcJhaom "n0wDEkdifiH awmf. {&d,mt us,ft0ef;rSmvnf; ta&S@bufwGif{&m0wDjrpf/ taemufjcrf; taemufbufwGif b*Fgwpfq,hfESpfðrd@/ awmifbufwGif[kdif;}uD;u|ef;/ armfwifpGef;ESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf/ ajrmufbufwGifx&dyl&/ tmoHe,f wkd@jzpf=uygonf? xkdae&m xkda'orsm;onf xkdtcsdefu&ckdifhbk&ifhEkdifiHawmf {&d,me,fedrdwfrsm;jzpf=uonf qkdaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm ,ae@xufwkdifawG@jrifEkdif=uygayonf? {&m0 wDtaemufbufjcrf;onf &ckdifhykdifeufe,fajrjzpfonfqkdonfh orkdif;taxmuftxm; rsm;ukd oufaojy& v#ifaumZmouU&mZf 1146- ckESpfwGif Armbk&ifbkd;awmfOD;0kdif; &ckdifjynfukdodrf;ykdufpOftcgu tdrfa&S@Oy&mZmonf &ckdifjynfrS r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}uD; ESifhwuG rkedav;qlukd awmifukwfawmif=um;vrf;rS wqifhyifhaqmifo,f,lvm&m {&m0wDtaemufbuf jrpfurf;eab;rS yef;awmif;ðrd@okd@ ta&mufwGif xkda'o&Sd &cdkif vlrsdK;rsm;rS rkedwpfqltm; &cdkifjynfY ukd;uG,fcGifhðyay;oem;cJhyg&ef av#mufxm; awmif;yef=uojzifh tdrfa&S@Oy&mZmrif;onf &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;ukd;uG,f&eftwGuf xkdae &mYyif a&$bkHomrkedbk&m; tm;xm;&pfcJhygonf? ,ae@xufwkdifatmif xkdae&ma'o teD;w0dkufwGif a&S;&ckdifbk&ifrsm; wnfxm;ukd;uG, apwDykxkd;rsm;rSmvnf; oufao tjzpfwnf&Sdaeygao;onf?
          &cdkifjynf. taemufbufESifh ajrmufbufa'owkd@onf tdENd,EkdifiH e,fedrdwfESifhxd pyfaeygonf/ AD 325 yxr"n0wDEkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufcJhpOf tcguwnf;u b*Fgwpfq,fhESpfðrd@ESifh x&dyl&/ tmoHe,fajrrsm;rSm &cdkifhykdifeuf e,fajrrsm;jzpf=uygonf?( AD 327) &cdkifha0omvD acwfaESmif;ykdif;umvwGif ta&S@ tv,fykdif;a'orS r*kdbk&ifonf tpPvmrfbmoma&; e,fy,fcsJ@xGifEkdifa&;twGuf tD&pf/wl&uD/tmzuefvlrsdK; bmoma&;ppfonfrsm;ukd OD;aqmifI tdENd,EkdifiH tm;odrf;ykdufEkdifcJh=uygonf? r*kdbk&ifonf tdENd,EkdifiHukdodrf;,l+jyD;aemuf Ak'AD (16)&mpktv,fykdif;okd@a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg &cdkifwkd@onf ajrmufOD; acwf(oHwGJpm;) rif;bmbk&ifvufxufwGif rdrdwkd@qkH;&SKH;cJh&aom &ckdifhykdifeuf {&d,m e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jyefvnf&,l&ef tiftm;}uD;rm;aomppfwyfukdzGJv#uf r*kdbk&ifrsm; tqufquf tkyfcsKyfae=uaom tdENd,EkdifiHtm; ppfyGJqifEGJ@csD wufodrf; ykdufcJh&mwGif a'vDyqmðrd@awmftm; odrf;ykdufjyD;aomtcg r*kdbk&ifonf orD;awmf yJoDwm (ac:)yef;qDwm; rif;orD;tm; rdzk&m;taqmifta,mifrsm;ESifh rif;bmbk&iftm; quf ojyD;ppfudkajyjidrf; cJhavonf? rif;bmbk&ifonf tdENd,EkdifiHAk'<*g,m&Sd tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm;rS ðzdzsufxm;aom Ak'
          ta&S@awmifbuf [kdif;}uD;u|ef;ESifh armfwifpGef;wkd@onfvnf; &ckdifh {&d,m e,fedrdwfrsm;jzpf=uonfukd oufaorsm;jzifhjy&ygv#if [Hom0wDEkdifiHawmftm; ay:wl*DvlrsdK; iZifum(ac:) 'DAa&wkd odrf;ykdufxm;pOftcgu &ckdifbk&ifrif; &mZm}uD; onf &cdkifa&wyfrawmftm; ppfol}uD;OuUmysHESifh trwf}uD;r[mynmausmfwkd@tm; OD;aqmifapjyD; [Hom0wDukd wkdufckduf&efapvGwfcJh&m xkdppfyGJwGif iZifumESifhwuG ay:wl*Dwkd@ukdppfatmifEkdifjyD; atmifyGJcHItjyefwGif r[mynmausmfonf aejynfawmf t0ifY iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh  bk&ifrif;&mZm}uD;onf wkdif;jynf. ynm&Sd}uD;wpfqljzpfaom r[mynmausmf.tavmif;tm; armfwifpGef;wGif rD;o+*FDKvf +yD;aESmif;vlrsm;od&SdEkdif&ef ol.t&kd; tm;Xyemxm;I apwDwpfqlwnf xm;cJhum r[mynmausmf.jzwfxkH;ausmufpm wkdifukdvnf;trSwf w&tjzpf xkdae&mYpkdufxl xm;cJhonfukd ,ae@xufwkdif jrifawG@Ekdifygao;onf?
          yxr"n0wD&cdkifjynfpwifcJhonfh rm&,krif;tp 'kwd,ajrmufOD; acwf rif;paetxd rif;tqufqufwkd@rSm om*D0ifrif;rsdK;rsm;jzpf=ujyD; &ckdifjynfukd oufOD;qHykdifpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaomfvnf; wwd,"n0wDacwf “iukov” rif;rS tp aemufqkH; “r[morRw”rif;txd rif;rsm;rSm trwfrsdK;EG,frSqif;oufvm+yD; ygvDrefpepfjzifh rif;ajrSmufum &ckdifjynfukd tkyfcsKyfvmcJh=uavonf? xkdtcsdef umv rsm;wGif om*D0ifrif;rsdK;EG,frsm;ESifh ygvDreftrwfrsm;wkd@t=um; yÉdyuQjzpfum wkdif; oljynfom; rsm;vnf; rnD!Gwfjzpfaeonfhtcsdef 1784=ckESpfwGif Armya'o&mZf (Armbk&if) bkd;awmfOD;0kdif;onf ppfa-ujimjcif;vHk;0rðyvkyfbJ/ &ckdifjynf (&ckdihfbk&ifh EkdifiHawmf)ukd usL;ausmf0if a&mufodrf;ykdufcJhrSKa=umifh &ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@. tcsKyftcsm tm%monf vufvGwfqkH;&SH;cJh&jyD; Armhukd vkdeD(u|efb0) tjzpfokd@ usa&mufcJh&onf?
                   ArmhukdvkdeD(u|efb0)tjzpfokd@ usa&mufaecsdefwGifvnf; Adkvfcsif;ysH/ a';0ef;}uD;atmif ausmf&$D/ ðrd@ol}uD;atmifausmfZHpaom &ckdifhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ArmhukdvkdeDu|eftjzpfrS vGwfajrmuf a&;twGuf ckcHawmfvSefppfukdqifEGJ@cJh=uonf? jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufjyD;tkyfcsKyfaom tcsdefwGifvnf; tquf qufaom &ckdifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@rsm;ukd &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H awmf vSefwkdufyGJ 0ifcJh=uonf?